GLP-1s: A Deeper Dive

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a hormone naturally produced in the intestines. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. GLP-1 agonists are a class of medications that mimic the actions of this natural hormone.

How GLP-1s Work in the Body

GLP-1 agonists work in several ways to help control blood sugar:

Some popular GLP-1s you may have heard about:

• Ozempic - Uses semaglutide, which helps to control your appetite, slows digestion, improves insulin production, and reduces glucagon production (glucagon raises blood sugar levels).

• Mounjaro - Uses tirzepatide, which increases insulin production when blood sugar is high, reduces the amount of sugar produced in the liver, slows absorption of sugar from the intestines, reduces appetite and cravings, and slows stomach emptying, which keeps you fuller for longer.

• Trulicity - Uses dulaglutide, which stimulates insulin after you eat, and helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells where they can be used for energy. In addition, dulaglutide reduces glucagon secretion and slows stomach emptying.

• Wegovy - Uses GLP-1RA, which works the same as Trulicity, while also helping to reduce appetite.

  
  

GLP-1 agonists work in several ways to help control blood sugar:

• Stimulate Insulin Production: When blood sugar rises after eating, GLP-1s signal the pancreas to release more insulin. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells where it can be used for energy.

• Reduce Glucagon Secretion: Glucagon is a hormone that raises blood sugar levels. GLP-1s help suppress the release of glucagon, further contributing to lower blood sugar.

• Slow Stomach Emptying: GLP-1s slow down the movement of food from the stomach into the intestines. This slows down the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, preventing a rapid spike in blood sugar.

• Reduce Appetite: GLP-1s can help reduce appetite and increase feelings of fullness, which can aid in weight loss.

  
  

Benefits of GLP-1s

• Blood Sugar Control: GLP-1s are highly effective at lowering blood sugar levels in people with type 2 diabetes.

• Weight Loss: Many GLP-1s have been shown to promote significant weight loss, even in people without diabetes.

• Improved Heart Health: Some studies suggest that GLP-1s may have beneficial effects on heart health, such as reducing the risk of heart attack and stroke.

  
  

Risks and Side Effects

• Gastrointestinal Side Effects: The most common side effects of GLP-1s include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. These side effects usually improve over time.

• Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, is a rare but serious side effect of GLP-1s.

• Thyroid Tumors: Some GLP-1s have been associated with an increased risk of thyroid tumors, although this risk appears to be low.

• Kidney Problems: GLP-1s may worsen kidney function in some people with existing kidney problems.

  
  

Important Considerations

• Prescription Medication: GLP-1s are prescription medications and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

• Individualized Treatment: The choice of GLP-1 medication and the appropriate dosage will vary depending on individual needs and medical history.

• Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of blood sugar levels, kidney function, and thyroid function is important while taking GLP-1s.

  
  

Who Should Consider GLP-1s?

• Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: GLP-1s are a first-line treatment option for many people with type 2 diabetes, especially those who also need to lose weight.

• Individuals with Obesity: GLP-1s have been approved for weight management in adults with a BMI of 30 or higher (obese) or a BMI of 27 or higher with at least one weight-related health condition (such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol).

  
  

Who Should Avoid GLP-1s?

• Pregnant or Breastfeeding Women: The safety of GLP-1s during pregnancy and breastfeeding has not been fully established.

• Individuals with a History of Pancreatitis: GLP-1s may increase the risk of pancreatitis, so they are generally not recommended for people with a history of this condition.

• Individuals with a Personal or Family History of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Some GLP-1s have been associated with an increased risk of thyroid tumors.

• Individuals with Severe Gastrointestinal Problems: People with conditions such as severe gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying) or inflammatory bowel disease may experience worsened symptoms with GLP-1s.

• Individuals with a History of Severe Kidney Problems: GLP-1s may worsen kidney function in some people with existing kidney problems.

  
  

Important Note: This list is not exhaustive, and there may be other situations where GLP-1s are not recommended. It is crucial to discuss your individual health situation with a healthcare professional to determine if GLP-1s are right for you.

Disclaimer: This information is for general knowledge and educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before starting any new treatment, including GLP-1s.

Remember: GLP-1s can be a valuable tool for managing type 2 diabetes and promoting weight loss, but they are not suitable for everyone. A thorough discussion with your doctor is essential to determine if GLP-1s are appropriate for your specific health needs.